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Located in Tonantzintla, Puebla, the Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE) was founded by presidential decree on November 12, 1971. It is a decentralized organization that focuses on public interest; it also has judicial independence and assets. As an institution, the INAOE has the following goals: To train researchers, specialized professors, experts, and technicians in astrophysics, optics, and electronics. To solve scientific and technological problems within those fields. To drive educative and research activities that aim for the solution of specific problems in México. To give courses and award degrees (masters and doctorates) in the fields mentioned. The INAOE is part of a long-standing scientific tradition that dates back to 1942 when Luis Enrique Erro founded the Observatorio Astrofísico Nacional de Tonantzintla. This town, Tonantzintla, is an ideal location for an observatory because of clear skies during the night and a strategic geographical position. It also has minimal light pollution, a quality that Mexico's capital does not possess. The observatory paved the way for modern astrophysics in México and Latin America (at the inauguration of the observatory, there was a Schmidt Camera). Important astronomers have worked at the Observatorio Astrofísico Nacional de Tonantzintla: founder Luis Enrique Erro, Guillermo Haro, Luis Rivera Terrazas, and astronomer Enrique Chavira. The observatory has helped the country to bridge international scientific borders. The INAOE has a collection of over 15,000 photographic plates obtained from the Schmidt Camera from different sky regions, mainly from within the following constellations: Orion, Taurus, Cancer, Scorpius, Sagittarius, Ursa Major, and Ursa Minor, among others. Many discoveries were made with this camera. The most important is the discovery of Herbig-Haro objects, which are considered star formation indicators. Novae and supernovae were also discovered along with blue galaxies and countless flare stars and the Haro-Chavira comet, discovered in 1954 in the Taurus region. Dr. Guillermo Haro replaced Erro as director. Under Haro's direction, the observatory became one of the essential astronomy sites in Latin America due to its scientific work quality. In 1971, Haro decided to create the INAOE, as he realized how vital optics and electronics were for México. The Optics Department was founded in, and two years later, the Electronics Department started its activities. Since its creation, one of the INAOE's goals is to shape young researchers capable of identifying and solving scientific and technological problems in astrophysics, optics, and electronics. Master in Optics studies started in 1972 and, in 1974, Electronics studies were created. The Optics Doctorate program started in 1984, and the Electronics Doctorate program started in 1993, along with the Astrophysics Master and Doctorate studies programs. The Computer Science Master and Doctorate programs were created in 1998. Full dedication is expected of our students to develop their abilities and create an excellent work environment. The INAOE provides them with work areas, labs, computers and supports them in all efforts to merit scholarships as visiting students at other national and international institutes. To contribute to the generation, advancement, and dissemination of knowledge for Mexico and humanity's development by identifying and solving scientific and technological problems and training specialists in astrophysics, optics, electronics, computer science, and related areas. INAOE is a Public Investigation Center with high international leadership in the field of scientific investigations. Our goal is to impulse technological and human resource development in the fields of Astrophysics, Optics, Electronics, and Computer Sciences. We are also committed to national growth by promoting social values like solidarity, creativity, and competitiveness. View full university

Founded in 1920, Institut d'Optique Graduate School is a Grande École of Engineering and a founding member of ParisTech. Its international reputation is built on the quality of the education it offers, the significant scientific contributions of its research center, and its close ties with industry. Institut d'Optique Graduate School is an institution of higher education and research located on two campuses in Palaiseau and Saint-Etienne. A third campus will be opened in Bordeaux by 2012. Institut d'Optique Graduate School is a Grande École of Engineering. Their graduates go on to careers in all fields, from upstream research and marketing to development, strategic marketing, and industrial production. Laboratoire Charles Fabry de l'Institut d'Optique is a state-of-the-art laboratory at Institut d'Optique Graduate School. Renowned the world over, it provides hands-on training in upstream and downstream research in all optics fields, from the most basic (quantum optics) to the most applied (specific optical components). Institut d'Optique Graduate School has developed ties with industry for several decades. These ties are generally established through collaborative projects, such as theses, carried out in laboratories. They are strengthened by the school's Corporate Relations and Promotions Department, which is staffed by its engineering experts who act quickly to reply to the industrial sector's needs and demands within the times and constraints it typically requires. Optics is rapidly expanding from industries in which it has long held a central role (lens manufacturing, electronics, communications, energies, and aerospace, to name a few) to new sectors such as automobiles, food (safety and traceability), biotechnology, and healthcare (medical imagery, diagnostic testing, automated analyses) where it plays an innovative role within complex systems. From mobile phone cameras and industrial image processing to optical sensors in domotics and more, optical technologies can be found in hundreds of everyday objects that look simple on the outside yet are complicated on the inside. Optics are finding more and more applications in environmental protection (testing and treatment of water, air, and waste), and its impact on society is growing. In 2006, Institut d'Optique Graduate School received the Institut Carnot label from the Ministry for Higher Education and Research to recognize its partnership research quality. View full university