University Complutense Madrid

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The Complutense University of Madrid is a public research university located in Madrid and one of the world's oldest universities. The university enrolls over 86,000 students and consistently ranks as one of the top universities in Spain. It is located on a sprawling campus that occupies the entirety of the Ciudad Universitaria district of Madrid, with annexes in the district of Somosaguas in the neighboring city of Pozuelo de Alarcón.
In recent years, the roster of alumni comprises winners of the Nobel Prize, Prince of Asturias Awards, Miguel de Cervantes Prize, as well as European Commissioners, Presidents of the EU Parliament, European Council Secretary-General, ECB Executive Board members, NATO Secretary-General, UNESCO Director-General, IMF Managing Director, and Heads of State. According to the Spanish newspaper El Mundo, the university is widely regarded as the most prestigious academic institution in Spain.
In over seven centuries, the University of Madrid has provided invaluable contributions in the sciences, fine arts, and political leadership. Alumni include renowned philosophers, writers, scientists, historians, military leaders, foreign leaders, and many Prime Ministers of Spain. In 1785, the University of Madrid became one of the first Universities in the world to grant a Doctorate to a female student. By Royal Decree of 1857, the University of Madrid was the only institution in Spain authorized to grant doctorates throughout the Spanish Empire.
The origin of The Complutense University dates back to the late 13th century, when Sancho IV of Castile granted the Archbishop of Toledo, Gonzalo García Gudiel, a licence to create the General School of Study in Alcalá (Estudio de Escuelas Generales de Alcalá) in the city of Alcalá de Henares in the spring of 1293.
The main building of the Cisnerian University (Universidad Cisneriana) was the San Ildefonso Hall of Residence. In January 1510, Cisneros approved its Constitution, which laid out the rules governing the institution and set every community member's rights and duties.
Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, Cardinal, and Archbishop of Toledo, Regent of Castile and alumnus of the General School, established the Complutensis Universitas (the Latin name of Complutense University), through a Papal Bull granted by Pope Alexander VI on 13 April 1499. Cisneros provided the new university with a vast area of rural and urban land to show his support for the university.
Along with the San Ildefonso Hall of Residence, several small residences were also founded by Cisneros. Special mention must be made of the San Pedro and San Pablo residences, which belonged to the Franciscan Order, of which Cisneros was a member. The College of the Mother of God (Colegio de la Madre de Dios), subsequently known as the College of the Theologians (Colegio de Los Teólogos), in which studies of theology and medicine were taught Santa Catalina Ode (Arts & Physics) College of San Balbina (also known as the College for Logicians in which the first courses of Art were taught) and The Colleges of San Eugenio and San Isidoro, which merged into the College of San Ambrosio in the seventieth century and was known as for Grammarians (de Los gramáticos) for Latin and Greek language studies. During the second quarter of the sixteenth century, about thirty new schools related to religious orders, military, royal, and private institutions were founded.
In the academic year 1509-1510, the Complutense already operated with five primary schools: Arts and Philosophy, Theology, Canon Law, Philology, and Medicine. The university was influenced by Renaissance thought and the ideals of humanism against medieval universities' old conception. To reconcile theology with the principles of the classical period by the guidelines of the Franciscan Order's reform movement, the Cisnerian University intended to recover spiritual values lost during the Middle Ages. Besides, the university focused on training lawyers and theologians, who served the Monarchy, to manage the administration's increasingly complex structure.
The prestige of the studies and teachers at the Complutense became the model on which new universities in Latin America would be established. The university's golden era lasted until the seventeenth century, when its decline began due to the Counter-Reformation effects. Up until then, the university had been the core of humanistic thought for the Spanish Monarchy.
Enlightenment Reforms unsuccessfully attempted to overcome the decline of the university at this time. Until well into the 18th century, higher education was based on the scholastic method of exposition and debate. To overcome this unsustainable situation, the reform for study programs was proposed in 1770, during the Reign of Charles III, and faced strong resistance from the universities. During the Enlightenment period and according to the Bourbon Monarchy's centralization policy, some new centers were established in which research and specialized education began to share the same space. These included the Cabinet of Natural History (Gabinete de Historia Natural) in 1771, The Royal Botanical Garden (Real Jardín Botánico) in 1755, and the Royal Observatory of Madrid (Real Observatorio de Madrid) in 1790.
The outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 and the subsequent political and social instability that led to the War of Independence and the Age of Absolutism spelled the end of the reforming principles of the Enlightenment.

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