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The University of Padova is one of Europe's oldest and most prestigious learning seats; it is a multi-disciplinary university that aims to provide its students with professional training and a solid cultural background. A qualification from the University of Padova symbolizes having achieved an ambitious objective, recognized and coveted by both students and employers alike. Courses at the University of Padova are regularly updated to meet the ever-changing needs of the labor market. Its Healthcare degrees, for instance, cover a wide range of new courses such as Pediatric Nursing (Medical School), or Neuroscience and Neuropsychological Rehabilitation (Psychology). Engineering degree programs are available in the fields of Civil, Architectural, Environmental, Industrial, and Information Engineering. University of Padova degrees also reflect today's needs to safeguard both the environment with courses in Environmental Sciences and Technology (Agriculture Sciences) and consumers with Safety and Hygiene of Food Products (Veterinary Medicine). Research into pharmaceuticals is also covered with Pharmaceutical Biotechnologies (Pharmacy), as is research into hi-tech products with a course in Materials Science (Sciences). Great emphasis is also placed on Humanities, such as History and Conservation of Artistic and Cultural Heritage (Arts and Philosophy), and on teacher training with a course in Primary Education (Education). Furthermore, highly motivated University students may also apply for admission to the Galilean School of Higher Education. Each year, 30 students are chosen to attend the School's high-level in-house courses and use their particular services after a demanding selection process. The University of Padova was established in 1222 after many students and teachers decided to come here from Bologna. They set up a free body of scholars, who were grouped according to their origin into nations. Students approved statutes, elected the restore (rector or chancellor), and chose their teachers, who were paid with money the students collected. Defending freedom of thought in study and teaching became a distinctive feature that today lives on in the University motto: Universa Universalis Patavina Libertas. The introduction of empirical and experimental methods and the teaching of theory marked the dawn of a golden age. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Padova became a workshop of ideas and the home to figures who changed humanity's cultural and scientific history. They included Andrea Vesalio, who founded modern anatomy and the astronomer Copernicus, and Galileo, who observed the skies here. Padova also vaunts the world's first university botanical garden and a permanent anatomical theatre built by Girolamo Fabrici d'Acquapendente. William Harvey, who became famous for describing the circulation of the blood, studied in Padova, and in 1678 Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia became the first woman in the world to be awarded a university degree. The fall of the Serenissima Republic of Venice in 1797 marked the beginning of a dark age. Padova fell under the rule of first the French and then the Austrians, passing through Italy's tumultuous Risorgimento, which also affected the University. Between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the University expanded to include the faculties of Engineering, Pharmacy, and Political Sciences and its traditional faculties of Law, Medicine, Arts and Philosophy, and Sciences. The advent of Fascism curtailed the University's values of free thought and cultural independence. Its professors swore allegiance to the regime, after which the approval of Italy's racial laws and the expulsion of Jewish professors opened one of the darkest periods in the University's history. During the post-war period, the University opened faculties of Education, Agricultural Sciences, and Psychology and, in the 1990s, faculties of Veterinary Medicine, and Economics and Business Administration. In the 20th century, the University of Padova produced significant literary figures such as Diego Valeri and Concetto Marchesi, engineers of the stature of Giuseppe Colombo, the "master of celestial mechanics" mathematicians such as Tullio Levi Civita jurists Alfredo Rocco and Livio Paladin philosophers Luigi Stefanini and Enrico Opocher and doctors like Vincenzo Gallucci. He carried out the first heart transplant in Italy. The new millennium opened with some important discoveries, particularly in medicine, biomedicine, engineering, and aerospace technology. View full university